Kamis, 14 Januari 2010

The Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus

By: harrismiller

Knowing the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus can be a great help to overcome the devastating effects of diabetes in the body.

Pathophysiology is the study of the changes seen in normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions that are either caused by a disease or the result of an abnormal syndrome. The pathophysiology of a given disease or syndrome describes its causes, symptoms and effects.

The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is a bit complicated. Diabetes mellitus, most commonly known only as diabetes, is a syndrome of disordered metabolism, usually due to a combination of hereditary and environmental causes, resulting in abnormally high blood sugar levels called hyperglycemia. There are three primary types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Each is with different behaviors and triggers but all are related and characterized by shared symptoms such as hyperglycemia.

Gestational diabetes is one of the three main types. This occurs during pregnancy and usually goes away after the baby is born. Women suffering from gestational diabetes while pregnant have an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. There are also other risks associated with gestational diabetes for both the infant and mother such as unstable blood sugar at birth, obesity later in life and macromasia or the condition known as “fat baby”.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of the disease. In Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas produces insulin but the body cannot react, respond or process it properly.

Type 1 diabetes is the last type which results when the pancreas loses its ability to produce insulin. It is considered an autoimmune disorder because the body’s own immune system attacks and destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.

Symptoms of diabetes include excess thirst and hunger, frequent urination, fatigue, irritability, and unexplained weight loss. Diabetes can cause serious long term physical effects if not treated properly. Early detection is important. Treatment for diabetes can include changes to diet and lifestyle paired with medications, may it be insulin injections or oral insulin medications, depending on the type diagnosed.

Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus
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http://diabetes-research.net


Source : http://articlesupport.com
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Daftar Tanaman Obat Untuk Diabetes

1 Tapak Dara
Catharantus roseus (L.) G. Don. Perwinkle (Inggris), Chang Chun Hua (Cina); Keminting Cina, Rumput Jalang (Malaysia); Tapak Dara (Indonesia), Kembang Sari Cina (Jawa); Kembang Tembaga Beureum (Sunda);

2 Ciplukan
Physalis peruviana, Linn. Morel berry (Inggris), Ciplukan (Indonesia), Ceplukan (Jawa); Cecendet (Sunda), Yor-yoran (Madura), Lapinonat (Seram); Angket, Kepok-kepokan, Keceplokan (Bali), Dedes (Sasak); Leletokan (Minahasa);

3 Tunjung
Nymphaea lotus L. Tarate kecil, tarate utan, tunjung putih (Indonesia); Tunjung bodas, tunjung tutur (Sunda).;

4 Daun Sendok
Plantago mayor L. Ki urat, ceuli, c. uncal (Sunda), meloh kiloh, otot-ototan,; Sangkabuah, sangkabuah, sangkuah, sembung otot,; suri pandak (Jawa). daun urat. daun urat-urat, daun sendok,; Ekor angin, kuping menjangan (Sumatera). ; Torongoat (Minahasa). ; Che qian cao (China), ma de, xa tien (Vietnam),; Weegbree (Belanda), plantain, greater plantain, ; Broadleaf plantain, rat's tail plantain, waybread,; White man's foot (Inggris).;

5 Kompri
Symphytum officinale L. Em, Kompri, komring (Jawa).; K'ang fu li (China), comfrey, knitbone (Inggris).;

6 Iler
Coleus scutellarioides, Linn,Benth Iler (Indonesia), Kentangan (Jawa), Jawer Kotok (Sunda);

7 Murbei
Morus alba L. Besaran (Indonesia). murbai, besaran (Jawa).; Kerta, kitau (Sumatera).; Sangye (China), may mon, dau tam (Vietnam), morus leaf,; morus bark,morus fruit, mulberry leaf, mulberry bark,; mulberry twigs, white mulberry, mulberry (Inggris).;

8 Jambu Biji
Psidium guajava, Linn. Psidium guajava (Inggris/Belanda), Jambu Biji (Indonesia); Jambu klutuk, Bayawas, tetokal, Tokal (Jawa); Jambu klutuk, Jambu Batu (Sunda), Jambu bender (Madura);

9 Jambu Monyet
Anacardium occidentale, Linn. Cashew (Inggris), Jambu Moyet, Jamu mente (Indonesia); Jambu mete (Jawa), Jambu mede (Sunda), Gaju (Lampung);
10 Belimbing Manis Averhoa carambola Belimbing manis (Indonesia), Belimbing manih (Minangkabau); Belimbing legi (Jawa), Belimbing amis (Sunda), ; Bhalimbing manes (Madura), Balirang (Bugis);

11 Belimbing Asam
Averhoa bilimbi. Belimbing Asam (Indonesia), Calincing (sunda),; Blimbing wuluh (Jawa), Bhalimbing bulu (Madura),; Blimbing buluh (Bali), Selimeng (Aceh), Balimbing (Lampung); Balimbeng (Flores), Celane (Bugis), Takurela (Ambon);

12 Kacapiring
Gardenia augusta, Merr. Kacapiring (Indonesia, Sunda), Ceplong piring (Jawa); Jempiring (Aceh), Menlu bruek, Raja putih (Aceh);

13 Petai Cina
Leucaena leucocephala, Lmk. de wit Petai cina (Indonesia), Kemlandingan, Lamtoro (Jawa); Palanding, Peuteuy selong (Sunda), Kalandingan (Madura);

14 Kedelai
Glycine max, (Linn.) Merrill. Soybean (Inggris), Kedelai (Indonesia), Kedhele (Madura); Kedelai, Kacang jepun, Kacang bulu (Sunda), Lawui (Bima); Dele, Dangsul, Dekeman (Jawa), Retak Menjong (Lampung); Kacang Rimang (Minangkabau), Kadale (Ujung Pandang);

15 Sambiloto
Andrographis paniculata Ness. Ki oray, ki peurat, takilo (Sunda). bidara, sadilata, sambilata,; takila (Jawa). pepaitan (Sumatra).; Chuan xin lian, yi jian xi, lan he lian (China), xuyen tam lien,; cong cong (Vietnam). kirata, mahatitka (India/Pakistan).; Creat, green chiretta, halviva, kariyat (Inggris).;

16 Pulai
Alstonia scholaris [L.] R. Br. Lame (Sunda), pule (Jawa), polay (Madura). kayu gabus,; pulai (Sumatera).hanjalutung (Kalimantan).kaliti, reareangou,; bariangow, rariangow, wariangow, mariangan, deadeangow,; kita (Minahasa), rite (Ambon), tewer (Banda), Aliag (Irian),; hange (Ternate). devil's tree, ditta bark tree (Inggris).; Chatian, saitan-ka-jhad, saptaparna (India, Pakistan).; Co tin pat, phayasattaban (Thailand).;

17 Teh
Camellia sinensis [L.] Kuntze Enteh (Sunda).; Pu erh cha (China), theler (Perancis), teestrauch (Jerman),; Te (Itali), cha da India (Portugis), tea (Inggris).;

18 Apel
Pyrus malus, Linn Apel (Indonesia, Malang), Apple (Inggris), Appel (Perancis);;

19 Kunyit
Curcuma longa Linn. Saffron (Inggris), Kurkuma (Belanda), Kunyit (Indonesia); Kunir (Jawa), Koneng (Sunda), Konyet (Madura);

20 Keji Beling
Stachytarpheta mutabilis, Vahl. Keji Beling (Indonesia), Ngokilo (Jawa);

21 Alpokat
Persea gratissima Gaertn. Apuket, alpuket, jambu wolanda (Sunda), apokat, avokat,; plokat (Jawa). apokat, alpokat, avokat, advokat (Sumatera);

22 Ngokilo
Stachytarpheta mutabilis, Vahl. Ngokilo, enyoh kelo, keci beling, keji beling (Jawa).; Daun picah beling (Jakarta).;

23 Lenglengan
Leucas lavandulifolia Smith Paci-paci (Sunda), sarap nornor (Madura). daun setan, ; Lenglengan, lingko-lingkoan, nienglengan, plengan (Jawa); Gofu hairan (Ternate), laranga (Tidore).;

24 Mahoni
Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. Mahagoni, maoni, moni.;

Sumber : IPTeknet
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Kamis, 07 Januari 2010

Physalis peruviana

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Physalis
Species: P. peruviana
Binomial name
Physalis peruviana L.

Physalis peruviana, commonly known as physalis, is indigenous to South America, but was cultivated in South Africa in the region of the Cape of Good Hope during the 1800s, imparting its common name, cape gooseberry.

As a member of the plant family Solanaceae, it is related to a large number of edible plants, including tomato, eggplant and potato, and other members of the nightshades. It is closely related to the tomatillo but not to the cherry, Ribes gooseberry, Indian gooseberry or Chinese gooseberry, as its various names might suggest.

The fruit is a small round berry about the size of a marble with numerous small yellow seeds. It is bright yellow and sweet when ripe, making it ideal for snacks, pies or jams. It is popular in fruit salads, sometimes combined with avocado.

Its most notable feature is the single papery pod that covers each berry. Because of the fruit's decorative appearance, it is sometimes used in restaurants as an exotic garnish for desserts. If the fruit is left inside the husks, its shelf life at room temperature is over 30–45 days.

Names
Physalis peruviana has a variety of names, known in English as golden berry (South Africa, U.K.), cape gooseberry, giant ground cherry, Peruvian groundcherry, Peruvian cherry (U.S.), poha (Hawaii), jam fruit (India), uvilla (Ecuador), uchuva (Colombia) and physalis.[1]
Geographic and cultivation origins

Native to high altitude tropical Colombia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru where the fruits grow wild, are casually eaten and occasionally sold in markets but the plant has become only recently an important crop, it has been widely introduced into cultivation in other tropical, subtropical and even temperate areas.

The plant was grown by early settlers of the Cape of Good Hope before 1807. In South Africa it is commercially cultivated; canned fruits and jam are staple commodities, often exported. It is also cultivated and naturalized on a small scale in Gabon and other parts of Central Africa.

Soon after its adoption in the Cape of Good Hope (presumably the origin of the name 'Cape gooseberry'), it was carried to Australia, where it was one of the few fresh fruits of the early settlers in New South Wales. There it has long been grown on a large scale and is abundantly naturalized, as it is also in Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and northern Tasmania. It is also favored in New Zealand where it is said that "the housewife is sometimes embarrassed by the quantity of berries in the garden" [2], and government agencies promote increased culinary use. It is also grown in India, and is called Rasbhari (रसभरी) in Hindi.

The Cape gooseberry is also grown in North Eastern China, namely Heilongjiang province. A seasonal fruit harvested in late August through September. In Chinese pinyin, the fruit is informally referred to as "gu niao" (菇茑) and the scientific name is Physalis pubescens L or in Chinese pinyin "mao suan jiang" (毛酸浆).

It has been widely grown in Egypt for at least several decades and is known locally as harankish حرنكش, a word of obscure origin, or as is-sitt il-mistaHiya الست المستحية (the shy woman), a reference to the papery sheath. It makes an excellent crumble, substituting harankish for apples, for example.

Medical research, folk medicine and potential health value
Scientific studies of the cape gooseberry show its constituents, possibly polyphenols and/or carotenoids, demonstrate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.[3][4][5]

In folk medicine, Physalis peruviana has been used as a medicinal herb for cancer, malaria, asthma, hepatitis, dermatitis and rheumatism.[citation needed] None of these diseases, however, is confirmed in scientific studies as treatable by the cape gooseberry.

Pests and Diseases
In South Africa, the most important of the many insect pests that attack the cape gooseberry are cutworms, in seedbeds; red spider after plants have been established in the field; the potato tuber moth if the cape gooseberry is in the vicinity of potato fields. Hares damage young plants and birds eat the fruits if not repelled. In India, mites may cause defoliation. In Jamaica, the leaves were suddenly riddled by what were apparently flea beetles. In The Bahamas, whitefly attacks on the very young plants and flea beetles on the flowering plants required control.[2]

In South Africa, the most troublesome diseases are powdery mildew and soft brown scale. The plants are prone to root rots and viruses if on poorly-drained soil or if carried over to a second year. Therefore, farmers favor biennial plantings. Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas spp.) occurs in Queensland. A strain of tobacco mosaic may affect plants in India [2]. In New Zealand plants can be infected by 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' [6]

References
1. ^ Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council (1989). Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. pp. 249–50. ISBN 978-0-309-07461-2. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1398&page=249.
2. ^ a b c Morton, J.F.; Russell, O.S. (1954). "The cape gooseberry and the Mexican husk tomato". Florida State Horticultural Society 67: 261–266. http://www.fshs.org/Proceedings/Password%20Protected/1954%20Vol.%2067/261-266%20(MORTON).pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
3. ^ Wu, SJ; Tsai JY, Chang SP, Lin DL, Wang SS, Huang SN, Ng LT (2006). "Supercritical carbon dioxide extract exhibits enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Physalis peruviana". J Ethnopharmacol 108 (3): 407–13. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.05.027. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16820275. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
4. ^ Franco, LA; Matiz GE, Calle J, Pinzón R, Ospina LF (2007). "Antiinflammatory activity of extracts and fractions obtained from Physalis peruviana L. calyces". Biomedica 1: 110–5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17546228. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
5. ^ Pardo, JM; Fontanilla MR, Ospina LF, Espinosa L. (2008). "Determining the pharmacological activity of Physalis peruviana fruit juice on rabbit eyes and fibroblast primary cultures". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 7: 3074–9. doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0633. PMID 18579763.
6. ^ Liefting, L. W.; L. I. Ward, J. B. Shiller, and G. R. G. Clover (2008). "A New ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ Species in Solanum betaceum (Tamarillo) and Physalis peruviana (Cape Gooseberry) in New Zealand". Plant Disease 92 (11): 1588. doi:10.1094/PDIS-92-11-1588B. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-92-11-1588B. Retrieved 2009-01-01.

Source From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Rabu, 06 Januari 2010

Ciplukan Tanaman Obat Paru Paru

Ciplukan
(Physalis peruviana, Linn.)

Sinonim :
Physalis angulata. Linn. Physalis minina, Linn.

Familia :
Solanaceae


Uraian :
Tumbuhan Ciplukan (Physalis minina) merupakan tumbuhan liar, berupa semak/perdu yang rendah (biasanya tingginya sampai 1 meter) dan mempunyai umur kurang lebih 1 tahun. Tumbuhan ini tumbuh dengan subur di dataran rendah sampai ketinggian 1550 meter diatas permukaan laut, tersebar di tanah tegalan, sawah-sawah kering, serta dapat ditemukan di hutan-hutan jati. Bunganya berwarna kuning, buahnya berbentuk bulat dan berwarna hijau kekuningan bila masih muda, tetapi bila sudah tua berwarna coklat dengan rasa asam-asam manis. Buah Ciplukan yang muda dilindungi cangkap (kerudung penutup buah).

Nama Lokal :
Morel berry (Inggris), Ciplukan (Indonesia), Ceplukan (Jawa); Cecendet (Sunda), Yor-yoran (Madura), Lapinonat (Seram); Angket, Kepok-kepokan, Keceplokan (Bali), Dedes (Sasak); Leletokan (Minahasa);
Penyakit Yang Dapat Diobati :
Diabetes melitus, Sakit paru-paru, Ayan, Borok;

Pemanfaatan :
1. Diabetes Mellitus
Bahan: tumbuhan ciplukan yang sudah berbuah dicabut beserta
akar-akarnya dan dibersihkan.
Cara membuat: dilayukan dan direbus dengan 3 gelas air sampai
mendidih hingga tingga 1 gelas, kemudian disaring
Cara menggunakan: diminum 1 kali sehari.

2. Sakit paru-paru
Bahan: tumbuhan ciplukan lengkap (akar, batang, daun, bunga dan
buahnya).
Cara membuat: direbus dengan 3-5 gelas air sampai mendidih dan
disaring.
Cara menggunakan: diminum 3 kali sehari 1 gelas.

3. Ayan
Bahan: 8-10 butir buah ciplukan yang sudah dimasak.
Cara menggunakan: dimakan setiap hari secara rutin.

4. Borok
Bahan: 1 genggam daun ciplukan ditambah 2 sendok air kapur sirih.
Cara membuat: ditumbuk sampai halus
Cara menggunakan: ditempelkan pada bagian yang sakit.
Komposisi :
Buah Ciplukan mengandung senyawa kimia asam sitrun dan fisalin. Selain itu buah Ciplukan juga mengandung Asam Malat, Alkaloid, Tanin, Kriptoxantin, Vitamin C dan Gula.

sumber:
- http://www.iptek.net.id
- http://ccrcfarmasiugm.wordpress.com
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Sabtu, 02 Januari 2010

Lidah Buaya : Aloe Vera Sebagai Obat

Sudah sejak lama tanaman yang disebut juga Aloe Vera ini telah dipergunakan sebagai obat herbal yang kemanjurannya tidak perlu diragukan lagi.
Bagaimana tidak, selain sebagai obat penyubur rambut, tanaman ini juga dipakai untuk obat luka terbakar atau akibat tersiram air panas.
Dan siapa sangka tanaman ini juga dapat menyembuhkan Wasir, Sembelit, Diabetes, Kencing Darah dan Batuk Rejan. Berikut detail membuatnya.

WASIR

Bahannya :
- 1/2 batang Lidah Buaya
- 1/2 cangkir air masak
- 2 sendok makan Madu

Cara membuatnya :
Cuci Lidah Buaya sampai bersih, hilangkan duri-durinya dan parut. Tambahkan air dan madu, aduk, saring lalu minum 3 kali sehari.

SEMBELIT

Bahannya :
- 1/2 batang Lidah Buaya
- 1/2 cangkir air panas
- 1 sendok makan Madu

Cara membuatnya :
Cuci Lidah Buaya sampai bersih dan buang kulit serta durinya. Kemudian cincang, seduh dan tambahkan Madu. Makan selagi hangat-hangat kuku 2 kali sehari. Lakukan sampai sembuh.

DIABETES

Bahannya :
- 1 batang Lidah Buaya
- 3 gelas air

Cara membuatnya :
cuci Lidah Buaya sampai bersih, buang durinya dan potong-potong seperlunya lalu rebus hingga air tersisa separuhnya. Setelah dingin, minum 3 kali sehari masing-masing 1/2 gelas sehabis makan.

KENCING DARAH

Bahannya :
- 15 gr daun Lidah Buaya
- 30 gr Gula
- air beras secukupnya

Cara membuatnya :
Cuci Lidah Buaya sampai bersih, buang duri dan kulitnya, dan potong-potong seperlunya. Tambahkan gula dan air beras, lalu peras dengan menggunakan kain yang bersih lalu minum.

BATUK REJAN

Bahannya :
- 15-18 cm Lidah Buaya
- Gula secukupnya
- Air secukupnya

Cara membuatnya :
Setelah dicuci bersih, lalu rebus dan tambahkan gula. Setelah dingin, saring dan minum.
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Brotowali, Tanaman Perdu Yang Bermanfaat

Tumbuhan yang tumbuh subur di hutan, ladang atau pekarangan ini tergolong menyukai pada tempat yang panas dan termasuk perdu yang memanjat, serta bisa memiliki ketinggian hingga 2,5 meter.
Dengan batang sebesar jari kelingking dan berbintil rapat, tumbuhan ini terkenal memiliki rasa pahit yang teramat sangat. Agaknya inilah yang menyebabkan kenapa nenek moyang menggunakannya sebagai salah satu bahan obat. Berikut beberapa penyakit yang bisa disembuhkan dengan tanaman ini.

RHEUMATIK

Bahannya :
- 1 jari batang Brotowali
- 3 gelas air
- Madu secukupnya

Cara membuatnya :
Cuci sampai bersih dan potong-potong kemudian rebus hingga air tersisa separuhnya. Setelah dingin, saring dan tambahkan dengan Madu secukupnya. Minum sehari 3 kali masing-masing 1/2 gelas.

DEMAM KUNING

Bahannya :
- 1 jari batang Brotowali
- 3 gelas air
- Madu secukupnya

Cara membuatnya :
Cuci sampai bersih dan potong-potong kemudian rebus hingga air tersisa separuhnya. Setelah dingin, saring dan tambahkan dengan Madu secukupnya. Minum 2 kali sehari masing-masing 3/4 gelas.

DEMAM

Bahannya :
- 2 jari batang Brotowali
- 2 gelas air
- Madu secukupnya

Cara membuatnya :
Cuci sampai bersih dan potong-potong kemudian rebus hingga air tersisa separuhnya. Setelah dingin, saring dan tambahkan dengan Madu secukupnya, nibun 2 kali sehari masing-masing 1/2 gelas.

DIABETES

Bahannya :
- 2 genggam daun Sambiloto segar
- 2 genggam daun Kumis Kucing segar
- 3/4 jari batang Brotowali
- 3 gelas air

Cara membuatnya :
Cuci semua bahan dan potong-potong batang Brotowali, rebus hingga air tersisa 2 gelas. Saring dan minum setelah makan, sehari 2 kali masing-masing segelas.
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Alang-Alang Sepele Namun Berkhasiat

Tanaman yang menggerombol dan menjadi semak belukar yang dianggap mengganggu ini ternyata memiliki keampuhan sebagai obat. Berikut beberapa resep kemanjuran Alang-alang.

MUNTAH DARAH

Bahannya :
- 30-50 gr akar alang-alang segar
- 3 gelas air

Cara membuatnya :
Setelah dicuci bersih, rebus akar Alang-alang hingga air tersisa 1 gelas. Setelah dingin, saring dan minum. Lakukan sehari sekali atau setelah 4 jam ulangi bila dianggap perlu.

HEPATITIS

Bahannya ;
- 60 gr akar Alang-alang kering
- 3 gelas air

Cara membuatnya :
Cuci bersih dan potong-potong. Kemudian rebus hingga air tersisa 1 gelas. Setelah dingin, saring dan minum 2 kali sehari masing-masing 1/2 gelas.

RADANG GINJAL

Bahannya :
- 60-120 gr akar Alang-alang segar
- 3 gelas air

Cara membuatnya :
Cuci bersih dan potong-potong seperlunya, kemudian rebus hingga air tersisa 1 gelas. Setelah dingin, saring dan bagi menjadi 3 bagian untuk 3 kali minum dalam sehari.

KENCING NANAH

Bahannya :
- 300 gr akar Alang-alang segar
- Gula batu secukupnya
- 2 liter air

Cara membuatnya :
Cuci bersih dan potong-potong, kemudian direbus hingga air tersisa seperenamnya. Setelah dingin ramuan dibagi 3, saring dan bagian yang akan diminum ditambahkan Gula batu lalu dibagi rata. Lakukan 3 kali dalam sehari.

TEKANAN DARAH TINGGI

Bahannya :
- 30-60 gr akar segar Alang-alang
- 3 gelas air

Cara membuatnya :
Cuci bersih dan potong-potong seperlunya, kemudian rebus hingga air tersisa 1 gelas. Setelah dingin, saring dan minum. Lakukan sehari sekali, atau setelah 4 jam ulangi bila dianggap perlu.
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